{"id":12467,"date":"2020-06-26T15:05:25","date_gmt":"2020-06-26T07:05:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cmel.hku.hk\/legal_update\/capacity-to-decide-to-engage-in-sexual-relations-a-local-authority-v-jb-2020-ewca-civ-735\/"},"modified":"2025-07-10T20:40:30","modified_gmt":"2025-07-10T12:40:30","slug":"capacity-to-decide-to-engage-in-sexual-relations-a-local-authority-v-jb-2020-ewca-civ-735","status":"publish","type":"legal_update","link":"https:\/\/cmel.hku.hk\/zh\/legal_update\/capacity-to-decide-to-engage-in-sexual-relations-a-local-authority-v-jb-2020-ewca-civ-735\/","title":{"rendered":"Capacity to Decide to Engage in Sexual Relations: A LOCAL AUTHORITY v JB [2020] EWCA Civ 735"},"content":{"rendered":"

Capacity to\u00a0<\/b>Decide to<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Engage in Sexual Relations –<\/b>\u00a0A Local Authority v JB<\/em>\u00a0[2020] EWCA Civ 735 (<\/strong>English\u00a0Court of Appeal<\/strong>)<\/strong><\/span>
\n
\n<\/em>[Note: the Supreme Court issued a judgment on appeal (A Local Authority v JB <\/em>[2021] UKSC 52<\/a>)]<\/span><\/p>\n

Facts:<\/u><\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/u><\/strong>
\nJB is a 36-year-old man with a diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder combined with impaired cognition. He has lived in a supported living placement with a care plan which imposes restrictions on his ability to live independently. In particular, restrictions on contact and access to the community have been imposed on him principally because of his tendency to behave inappropriately towards women. Under JB\u2019s care plan, he has 1:1 supervision when he is out in the community and, in particular, when in the presence of women.<\/span><\/p>\n

JB has said that he has a strong desire to have a girlfriend and engage in sexual relations.\u00a0He would like to have less support and to have time unaccompanied in the community so that he can go on dates and have more unsupervised access to the internet.<\/span><\/p>\n

The local authority filed an application in the Court of Protection for declarations as to JB\u2019s capacity in various matters and “a decision that it is in [JB]’s best interests to receive care and support in the community with such arrangements to include restrictions on his contact with women and that such restrictions and any deprivation of liberty arising as a result is authorised by the court as a relevant decision<\/em>“.<\/span><\/p>\n

In relation to sexual relations, a clinical psychologist reported that JB\u2019s “understanding of consent is lacking<\/em>“.\u00a0Another clinical psychologist concluded that JB represented a moderate risk of sexual offending to women.<\/span><\/p>\n

The order made following the judgment at first instance included a declaration that JB has\u00a0capacity to\u00a0consent to<\/u>\u00a0sexual relations<\/strong>. The local authority filed a notice of appeal against this declaration. The English\u00a0Court of Appeal (“CA”) handed down judgment on the appeal and held as follows.<\/span><\/p>\n

Judgment:<\/strong><\/u><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

The issue and the principles<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Sections 2 and 3 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (\u201cMCA\u201d) provide as follows:”2.\u00a0People who lack capacity<\/strong>
    \n(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 For the purposes of this Act, a person\u00a0lacks capacity<\/strong><\/u>\u00a0in relation to a matter if at the material time he is\u00a0unable to make a decision for himself<\/strong>\u00a0in relation to the matter because of an impairment of, or a disturbance in the functioning of, the mind or brain.
    \n\u2026
    \n3.\u00a0\u00a0Inability to make decisions<\/strong>
    \n(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 For the purposes of section 2, a person is\u00a0unable to make a decision for himself if he is unable<\/strong>\u2014
    \n(a) to\u00a0understand\u00a0the information relevant to the decision<\/u><\/strong>,
    \n(b) to\u00a0retain that information<\/strong>,
    \n(c) to\u00a0use or weigh that information as part of the process of making the decision<\/strong>, or
    \n\u2026<\/em>”\u00a0[emphasis added]<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. CA set out the issue that arises on this appeal as follows:”The issue arising on this appeal is whether a person, in order to have\u00a0c<\/strong>apacity to\u00a0decide to have<\/u>\u00a0sexual relations<\/strong>\u00a0with another person, needs to understand that the other person must at all times be consenting to sexual relations.<\/em>\u2026 The question before the judge at first instance \u2026 was couched in different terms, namely whether a person, in order [to] have\u00a0capacity to\u00a0consent to<\/u>\u00a0such relations<\/strong>, must understand that the other person must consent. Those are the terms in which the issue of capacity and sexual relations have been discussed in all reported cases up to now.”\u00a0[emphasis added]<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. It will be seen from the next section why CA couched the issue in terms of the\u00a0capacity to\u00a0decide to have<\/u>\u00a0sexual relations<\/strong>, as opposed to the\u00a0capacity to\u00a0consent to<\/u>\u00a0such relations<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. CA noted that the issue arising on this appeal requires it to balance three fundamental principles, namely, (1) the principle of autonomy, (2) the principle that vulnerable people in society must be protected and (3) the principle that “[s]exual relations between two people can only take place with the full and ongoing consent of both parties”.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    What capacity is in issue?<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n
        \n
      1. CA held that the capacity in issue in the present case is JB’s\u00a0capacity to\u00a0decide to engage in<\/u>\u00a0sexual relations<\/strong>:”\u2026\u00a0<\/em>The focus of sections 2 and 3 of the Act is on the capacity to make decisions. The “information relevant to the decision” depends first and foremost on the decision in question.
        \n<\/em><\/span>
        \nThe analysis of capacity with regard to sexual relations in the case law has hitherto been framed almost exclusively in terms of the\u00a0capacity to\u00a0consent to<\/u>\u00a0sexual relations<\/strong>. But as this case illustrates, giving consent to sexual relations is only part of the decision-making process. The fundamental decision is whether to\u00a0engage in<\/strong><\/u>\u00a0sexual relations<\/strong>\u00a0\u2026
        \n<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \u2026 The word “consent” implies agreeing to sexual relations proposed by someone else.\u00a0But in the present case,<\/strong>\u00a0it is JB who wishes to initiate sexual relations with women. The capacity in issue in the present case is therefore JB’s capacity to\u00a0decide to engage in<\/u>\u00a0sexual relations<\/strong>. In my judgment, this is how the question of capacity with regard to sexual relations should normally be assessed in most cases.” [emphasis added]
        \n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

        For the purpose of assessing if JB has capacity to decide to engage in sexual relations,\u00a0d<\/strong><\/u>oes\u00a0<\/u><\/strong>the\u00a0<\/u><\/strong>“information relevant to the decision” under section 3(1) of the MCA include an understanding of the consensuality of sexual relations?<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. CA then considered whether, for the purpose of assessing if JB has capacity to decide to engage in sexual relations, the “information relevant to the decision”\u00a0under section 3(1) of the MCA\u00a0includes an understanding of the consensuality of sexual relations and held as follows:”\u2026The capacity in issue in the present case is therefore JB’s<\/strong>\u00a0capacity to\u00a0decide to engage in<\/u>\u00a0sexual relations<\/strong>. In my judgment, this is how the question of capacity with regard to sexual relations should normally be assessed in most cases.<\/em>When the “decision” is expressed in those terms, it becomes clear that the “information relevant to the decision” inevitably includes the fact that any person with whom P\u00a0[Note: P refers to the individual who is the subject of the proceedings]\u00a0engages in sexual activity must be able to consent to such activity and does in fact consent to it<\/strong>\u00a0\u2026 A person who does not understand that sexual relations must only take place when, and only for as long as, the other person is consenting is unable to understand a fundamental part of the information relevant to the decision whether or not to engage in such relations.<\/span>
          \n\u2026.<\/span>
          \n\u2026 I do not accept the argument that including an understanding of the consensuality of sexual relations as part of the information relevant to the decision about the capacity regarding sexual relations amounts to an unwarranted infringement of JB’s personal autonomy or of his rights\u00a0\u2026\u00a0<\/em>”\u00a0[emphasis added]<\/span><\/li>\n
        2. CA summarised as follows:”In summary, when considering whether, as a result of an impairment of, or disturbance in the functioning of, the mind or brain, a person is unable to understand, retain, or use or weigh\u00a0information relevant to a<\/strong>\u00a0decision whether to engage in<\/strong><\/u>\u00a0sexual relations, the information relevant to the decision<\/strong>\u00a0may include the following:<\/em>(1) the sexual nature and character of the act of sexual intercourse, including the mechanics of the act;<\/em>(2)\u00a0the fact that the other person must have the capacity to consent to the sexual activity and must in fact consent before and throughout the sexual activity<\/strong>;<\/span>(3) the fact that P can say yes or no to having sexual relations and is able to decide whether to give or withhold consent;<\/span>(4) that a reasonably foreseeable consequence of sexual intercourse between a man and woman is that the woman will become pregnant;<\/span>(5) that there are health risks involved, particularly the acquisition of sexually transmitted and transmissible infections, and that the risk of sexually transmitted infection can be reduced by the taking of precautions such as the use of a condom.”\u00a0[emphasis added]<\/span><\/li>\n
        3. Lastly, CA held that the question whether the information relevant to the decision whether to engage in sexual relations must always include all of the matters identified in the paragraph immediately above does not arise on the present appeal.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Conclusion:<\/strong><\/u><\/em>
          \n<\/strong><\/u><\/span>
          \nAs mentioned previously, the declaration against which the local authority filed a notice of appeal is a declaration that JB has capacity to\u00a0consent to<\/strong><\/u>\u00a0sexual relations<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

          Upon appeal, CA clarified that\u00a0the capacity in issue is JB’s\u00a0capacity to\u00a0decide to engage in<\/u>\u00a0sexual relations<\/strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0rather than his\u00a0capacity to\u00a0consent to<\/u>\u00a0sexual relations<\/strong>.\u00a0CA thus allowed the appeal, remitted the matter to the judge to reconsider whether JB has the\u00a0capacity to\u00a0decide whether to engage in<\/u>\u00a0sexual relations<\/strong>, and made an interim declaration that there is reason to believe that JB lacks that capacity.<\/span><\/p>\n

          Under sections 2 and 3 of the MCA, JB lacks\u00a0capacity to\u00a0decide to engage in<\/u>\u00a0sexual relations<\/strong>\u00a0if\u00a0at the material time, because of an impairment of, or a disturbance in the functioning of, the mind or brain, JB is unable to understand\u00a0the\u00a0“<\/strong>information relevant to the decision”<\/strong>, to retain that information or to use or weigh that information as part of the process of making the decision.<\/span><\/p>\n

          The judge will have to reconsider whether JB has\u00a0capacity to\u00a0decide to engage in<\/u>\u00a0sexual relations<\/strong>\u00a0in view of CA\u2019s decision above that the fact that\u00a0any person with whom JB engages in sexual activity must be able to consent to such activity and does in fact consent to it is part of\u00a0<\/strong>the\u00a0<\/strong>“information relevant to the decision”<\/strong>.\u00a0The finding to be made by the judge on JB\u2019s capacity upon reconsideration is likely to have implications on the care and support to be received by JB and any restriction to be imposed on him, such as restrictions on his contact with women.<\/span><\/p>\n

          [Note: the Supreme Court issued a judgment on appeal (A Local Authority v JB <\/em>[2021] UKSC 52<\/a>)]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":7279,"template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false},"legal_type":[670],"legal_year":[797],"legal_tag":[679],"class_list":["post-12467","legal_update","type-legal_update","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","legal_type-case-briefing-zh","legal_year-2020-zh","legal_tag-mentalhealthcapacity-zh"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCapacity to Decide to Engage in Sexual Relations: A LOCAL AUTHORITY v JB [2020] EWCA Civ 735 - Centre for Medical Ethics and Law<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cmel.hku.hk\/zh\/legal_update\/capacity-to-decide-to-engage-in-sexual-relations-a-local-authority-v-jb-2020-ewca-civ-735\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_TW\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Capacity to Decide to Engage in Sexual Relations: A LOCAL AUTHORITY v JB [2020] EWCA Civ 735 - 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